Webb confirms the earliest known galaxy is erupting in stars
The James Webb Space Telescope has spotted the earliest galaxy ever seen, and its unusually bright light is coming from a bizarre frenzy of star formation. Named JADES-GS-Z14-0, the galaxy formed at least 290 million years after the Big Bang and contains stars that have been bursting into life since an estimated 200 million years after our universe began. Spotted by Webb’s Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSPEC) instrument, the mysterious origin and rapid development of the stars has opened up some fundamental questions about how our universe came to be. “The discovery by Webb of an abundance of luminous galaxies in the very early universe suggests that galaxies developed rapidly, in apparent tension with many standard models,” researchers wrote in a study published in the journal Nature. “Galaxy formation models will need to address the existence of such large and luminous galaxies so early in cosmic history.”
Astronomers aren’t certain when the very rst globules of stars began to clump into the galaxies we see today, but cosmologists previously estimated that the process began slowly within the rst few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Current theories suggest that halos of dark matter – a mysterious and invisible substance believed to make up 85 per cent of the total matter in the universe – combined with gas to form the rst seedlings of galaxies. 1 to 2 billion years into the universe’s life, these early protogalaxies reached adolescence, forming into dwarf galaxies that began devouring one another to grow into galaxies like our own.
But discoveries made by Webb have confounded this view. In February 2023, a group of astronomers analysing data from the telescope discovered a group of six gargantuan galaxies, aged between 500 and 700 million years after the Big Bang, that were so massive they were in contention with 99 per cent of cosmological models. The light from JADESGS-Z14-0 is similarly puzzling. In the new research, the light detected by NIRSPEC nds its origins in an enormous halo of young stars surrounding the galaxy’s core, which have been burning for at least 90 million years before the point of observation. The galaxy is also crammed with unusually high quantities of dust and oxygen, which suggests its history of star birth and death may be even longer.
Interestingly, this nding shows that ultra-bright galaxies in the early universe are not just the product of active black holes greedily gobbling up matter, as is often assumed to be the case. The new observations show that runaway star formation is also a viable explanation for the surprising brightness of these ancient galaxies.