‘Leave no trace’: How a pack of Cheetos dropped in a US national park devastated its ecosystem
A bag of Cheetos dropped on the ground in a US national park has been a “world-changing” event for the creatures that live there, rangers say.
The bag could have been there a day or two or maybe just hours, but those salty morsels of processed corn made soft by thick humidity triggered the growth of mould on the cavern floor and on nearby cave formations.
It has impacted the tiny microbes and insects that live in this specialised subterranean environment in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, southern New Mexico.
“To the ecosystem of the cave it had a huge impact,” the park noted in a Facebook post, explaining that cave crickets, mites, spiders and flies soon organised to eat and disperse the foreign mess, essentially spreading the contamination.
Park rangers collect tonnes of trash le behind by visitors each year
The bright orange bag was spotted off trail by a ranger during one of the regular sweeps that park staff make through the Big Room, the largest single cave chamber by volume in North America, at the end of each day. They are looking for straggling visitors and any litter or other waste that might have been left behind on the paved trail. The Big Room is a popular spot at Carlsbad Caverns. It is a mag ical expanse filled with towering stalagmites, dainty stalactites and clusters of cave popcorn.
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From this underground wonderland in New Mexico to lake shores in Nevada, tributaries along the Grand Canyon and lagoons in Florida, park rangers and volunteers collect tonnes of trash left behind by visitors each year as part of an ongoing battle to keep unique ecosystems from being compromised while still allowing visitors access.
According to the National Park Service, more than 300 mil lion people visit the national parks each year, bringing in and generating nearly 63.5 million tonnes of trash - most of which ends up where it belongs in rubbish bins and recycling containers.
But for the rest of the discarded snack bags and other debris, it often takes work to round up the waste, and organisations like Leave No Trace have been pushing their message at trailheads and online.
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At Carlsbad Caverns, volunteers comb the caverns collecting lint. One five-day effort netted as much as 23 kilograms. Rangers also have sweep packs and spill kits for the more delicate and sometimes nasty work that can include cleaning up human waste along the trail.
“It’s such a dark ar ea, sometimes people don’t notice that it’s there. So they walk through it and it tracks it throughout the entire cave," says Joseph Ward, a park guide who is working specifically on getting the 'leave no trace' message out to park visitors and classrooms.
The rangers' kits can include gloves, bin bags, water, bleach mixtures for decontamination, vacuums and even bamboo toothbrushes and tweezers for those hard-to-reach spots.
As for the spilled Cheetos, Ward says that could have been avoided because the park doesn't allow food beyond the confines of the historic underground lunchroom. After the bag was discovered in July, cave specialists at the park settled on the best way to clean it up. Most of the mess was scooped up, and a toothbrush was used to
remove rings of mould and fungi that had spread to nearby cave formations. It was a 20-minute job. Some jobs can take hours and involve several park employees, Ward says.
A balancing act between accessibility and protection
Robert Melnick, professor emeritus at the University of Oregon, has been studying the cultural landscape of Carlsbad Caverns, including features like a historic wooden staircase that has become another breeding ground for exotic mould and fungi. He and his team submitted a report to the park this week that details those resources and makes recommendations for how the park can manage them into the future.
The balancing act for park managers at Carlsbad and elsewhere, Melnick says, is meeting the dual mandate of preserving and protecting landscapes while also making them accessible. “I don’t quite know how you would monitor it except to constantly remind people that the underground, the caves are a very, very sensitive natural environment,” he says.
Pleas to treat the caverns with respect are plastered on signs throughout the park, rangers give orientations to visitors before they go underground, and reminders of the do's and don'ts are printed on the back of each ticket stub.
But sometimes there is a disconnect between awareness and personal responsibility, says JD Tanner, director of education and training at Leave No Trace.
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Small actions can cause irreversible damage
Many people may be aware of the need to “keep it pristine”, but Tanner says the message doesn’t always translate into action or there is a lack of understanding that small actions - even leaving a piece of rubbish - can have irreversible damage in a fragile ecosystem.
"If someone doesn’t feel a personal stake in the preservation of these environments, they may not take the rules seriously,” Tanner says. Diana Northup, a mi crobiologist who has spent years studying cave environments around the world, once crawled up the main corridor at Carlsbad Caverns to log everything that humans left behind.
“So this is just one thing of very many,” she says of the Cheetos. As many as 2,000 people cruise through the caverns on any given day during the busy season. With them come hair and skin fragments, and those fragments can have their own microbes on board.
“So it can be really, really bad or it can just be us and all the stuff we’re shedding,” Northup says of human contamination within cave environments. “But here’s the other side of the coin: The only way you can protect caves is for people to be able to see them and experience them.”
“The biggest thing,” she says, “is you have to get people to value and want to preserve the caves and let them know what they can do to have that happen.”