‘Elderly drifters’ face language and culture issues
It used to be that the twilight years were a time to settle down in one place and enjoy a peaceful retirement. But things have changed.
Today, it is common for the country’s elderly to become either domestic or overseas migrants.
In China, life expectancy for men is 78 and for women, 79. However, people over the age of 60 account for 7.2 per cent of the mainland’s domestic migrant population, according to the latest Development of the Migrant Population report.
That is about 18 million people, around twice the population of New York.
Just under 70 per cent of these people relocate voluntarily to reunite with their families, the report said.
They are referred to as elderly drifters, or lao piao. Of China’s 297 million-strong ageing population, 6 per cent fall into this category.
The term was adapted from “Beijing drifters”, or bei piao, which refers to highly ambitious people who leave their hometowns to seek job opportunities in the capital city.
The phenomenon is closely related to urbanisation in China. The phrase describes a way of being which lacks belonging to a specific place.
This is because the country’s hukou household registration document system makes it difficult for drifters to obtain permanent local residency.
Despite the declining overall size of China’s migrant population, the number of elderly drifters has been increasing, according to the report.
Top destinations for elderly drifters include Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, similar choices to those of younger migrants.
Most move to be with their children and possibly to care for grandchildren.
Elderly drifters are more commonly seen in dual-income families, where both spouses work and lack the time to care for the next generation.
“Just as young migrants struggle to get by in cities, seniors who move to the metropolis will encounter even more trouble,” Zhou Xiaozheng, a sociology professor at Renmin University of China in Beijing, told China Daily.
Most elderly drifters have to deal with loneliness.
They usually speak regional dialects, prefer food from their hometowns and maintain habits that are different from their new neighbours.
More than 80 per cent of the elderly migrant population have never taken part in community activities, according to a 2017 report.
During the day, they are often left at home alone caring for their grandchildren, often without recognition.
“I’m like an unpaid servant,” an elderly drifter told the Shanghai media outlet Sixth Tone.
There are currently 10 million international migrants from China, who face the added challenges of language and culture.
Large numbers of them live in Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, Japan, the United States and Singapore, according to a 2022 UN report.
Most of them hardly speak a word of the local language, and are completely isolated from the local community.
Within the family, they often have to learn different parenting philosophies and tend to be considered too protective of children.
While the children are growing up as second-generation immigrants, receiving an education in the adopted location of their parents, the cultural gap between them and their grandparents widens. Communication also becomes an issue because of their limited knowledge of Chinese.